Objectoriented programming:
Code can be splitted into parts which can be reused again.
Introduces classes and structures, from which objects can
be created. Classes can contain functions which can be used
specifically on objects of that class, to edit them.
Makes it easier to administrate for example multiple soldiers,
by creating multiple soldier-objects of class soldier.

Standards:
Standards are used to unify software-modules, so they can be
used on all systems which are implementing those standards. 
DIN -> Deutsches Institut fuer Normung
ANSI -> American National Standards Institute
STL -> Standard Template Library

C++:
C++ is a programming language used to programm. It is close to
the system, which means that it is possible to influence the
system in a very close way.
SDK -> Software Development Kit
Many SDKs are optimized for C++. It also implements a functionality
called pointers, which point to an address, where some data is
stored. They allow fast and efficient access on that data.
It is one of the most used programming languages to create games.

Preprocessor-commands:
At compiling of programm-code, those commands marked with a hash #
are processed first.

Includes:
Includes are preprocessor-commands which allow to include already
existing code into your project. For example the iostream library
contains code to read and write from and to console.
If you want to include libraries from the working-directory, you
have to use "lib" and the compiler will be looking there for the libs.
If you want to use libraries from a special directory, specified by
the include path of the compiler, you have to use <lib>.
Example: #include <iostream>